To deliver on the Clean Industrial Deal, Europe needs affordable energy. A set of concrete short-term and structural measures will provide competitiveness, affordability, security and sustainability for citizens and businesses.
Energy is a building block and a driving force of our Union, and an area where most actions to mitigate climate change can be taken. However, high energy costs are hurting EU citizens and businesses. Energy poverty affects more than 46 million Europeans and electricity is about 3 times more expensive than gas in many European countries. For industries, retail electricity prices have almost doubled since the beginning of the energy crisis in 2021.
Affordable Energy Action Plan
As part of the Clean Industrial Deal, the Commission presented on 26 February 2025 an Affordable Energy Action Plan (COM/2025/79), which is based on 4 pillars:

Lowering energy costs for all
Completing the Energy Union
Attracting investments and ensuring delivery
Being ready for potential energy crises

The Action Plan includes 8 actions, many of which will be delivered already in 2025.
Action 1 – Making electricity bills more affordable
EU countries can already lower electricity bills, but greater ambition is needed, especially in the areas of network charges and taxation. The Commission will put forward a methodology to ensure that network charges incentivise the most efficient use of the grid, lowering energy system costs and total new grid investment needs, and will make recommendations to EU countries to lower national taxes on electricity, immediately reducing energy bills.
Action 2 – Bring down the cost of electricity supply
Costs can be better controlled by swiftly and fully applying existing EU electricity rules, and additional actions to promote the uptake of long-term electricity supply contracts, accelerate permitting procedures for key energy projects, reinforce grids and boost flexibility. An energy system underpinned by market integration, renewable generation and flexibility could result in 40% lower wholesale electricity prices on average in the EU.
Action 3 – Ensure well-functioning gas markets
EU gas wholesale prices have not fully reverted to pre-crisis levels, affecting the competitiveness of the European industry. Full regulatory oversight and close cooperation between energy and financial regulators is required. The Commission will explore how to harness the Union’s purchasing power to get a better deal for imported natural gas. Protecting EU buyers against price volatility of fossil fuels could lead to a significant short-term reduction in retail prices.
Action 4 – Energy efficiency – delivering energy savings
Energy efficiency helps avoid high energy bills. The Commission will support market actors who provide energy efficiency solutions for businesses through the European Energy Efficiency Financing Coalition and update its rules on energy labelling and ecodesign for products – which brought estimated savings of around €120 billion on energy bills in 2023, and could rise to about €162 billion in 2030.
Action 5 – Complete the Energy Union
Energy prices can differ considerably between EU countries. To enhance coordination and strengthen governance of the electricity system, the completion of a genuine Energy Union, including a fully integrated energy market and a cohesive governance framework, is key to preventing sharp increases of system costsof up to €103 billionby 2040 if no action is taken. Measures covered under this action include the launch of an Energy Union Task Force.
Action 6 – A tripartite contract to ensure affordable energy for Europe’s industry
To counteract high energy prices and market uncertainty, a broader tripartite contract for affordable energy can bring together the public sector, energy producers, and energy-consuming industries to create a favourable investment climate, facilitating a competitive EU industrial sector, while ensuring the retention and creation of quality jobs.
Action 7 – Guarantee security of supply for price stability
Ensuring secure EU energy supplies is critical for our economic resilience, continued access to affordable energy and avoiding extreme price volatility. A resilient energy system must be able to withstand potential supply disruptions resulting from geopolitical tensions, cyberattacks, deliberate attacks or extreme weather events, which threaten affordability.
Action 8 – Price crisis preparedness
Europe must be prepared to protect the affordability of energy in the event of an energy price crisis. The Commission will guide EU countries on the application of measures that incentivise consumers to reduce demand at certain times and will work with transmission system operators and national regulatory authorities to temporarily increase electricity flows in cross-border interconnectors, in certain situations.
 
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The Commission will allocate €1.3 billion for the deployment of critical technologies that are strategically important for the future of Europe and the continent’s tech sovereignty through the Digital Europe Programme (DIGITAL) work programme for 2025 to 2027 adopted today.
The work programme focuses on the deployment of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and its uptake by businesses and public administration, cloud and data, cyber resilience and digital skills.
More specifically, key priorities under the DIGITAL work programme include:

Improving the availability and accessibility of generative AI applications, including in the health and care sectors. Available funding will go towards testing immersive environments, known as ‘virtual worlds’, implementing the AI Act and deploying energy efficient common data spaces. These measures are key to the implementation of the AI Factories initiative to develop generative AI models for businesses and the public sector.
Supporting  the European Digital Innovation Hubs (EDIHs). This is a network of hubs that provides companies and the public sector with access to technical expertise and testing of technologies, as well as with advice, training and skills to adopt the latest technologies. It will promote the widespread take-up of AI in private and public organisations across Europe.
Building-up the award-winning Destination Earth initiative that is working to build a digital model of Earth to support climate adaptation and disaster risk management. Funding will build a more powerful model that more researchers can access.

Boosting cyber resilience. Cybersecurity solutions such as the EU Cybersecurity Reserve will improve the resilience and security of critical infrastructures including hospitals and submarine cables.
Developing EU education and training institutions’ capacity in digital skills so they may nurture and attract talent while boosting advanced skills in the European workforce.
Facilitating the new EU Digital Identity Wallet architecture and the European Trust Infrastructure, as well as promoting its adoption in Member States.
Stimulating the transformation of the public sector by developing efficient, high-quality, interoperable digital public services.

Innovation will also be accelerated by the new Strategic Technologies for Europe Platform (STEP) which awards the STEP Seal quality label to promising projects to improve their opportunity to access public and private funding.
Next Steps
The upcoming DIGITAL calls are expected to be released in April 2025, with additional calls published through the rest of the year. The EU Funding & Tenders Portal can be consulted for information on open calls.
Calls are open to businesses, public administrations, and other entities from EU Member States, EFTA/EEA countries, and countries associated to DIGITAL.
Background
DIGITAL is the first funding programme of the EU entirely focused on bringing digital technology to businesses and citizens. With a budget of €8.1 billion under the present Multiannual Financial Framework 2021-2027, it has been shaping the digital transformation of Europe’s society and economy.
Focussing specifically on deployment, DIGITAL complements investments under other EU programmes, such as Horizon Europe, EU4Health, InvestEU, the Connecting Europe Facility as well as investments under the Recovery and Resilience Facility.
For more information, please contact:

Thomas Regnier, Spokesperson, EUROPEAN COMMISSION

Patricia Poropat, Press Officer, EUROPEAN COMMISSION

 
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Blog post by Antonin Bergeaud, Guzmán González-Torres Fernández, Vincent Labhard and Richard Sellner
We constantly hear of exciting new ways AI tools can help to tackle economic problems and the productivity gains they bring. However, benefits can only materialize when firms actually use AI.

This post is part of a miniseries related to the ECB conference “The Transformative Power of AI”, on 1-2 April 2025, bringing together researchers, practitioners, and policymakers. Learn more here.
Though economists have attempted to quantify the potential economy-wide productivity gains that AI (artificial intelligence) could bring, there is no consensus on the impact of this technology. A central precondition for AI to thrive, is the adoption by firms. And this depends, among other things, on firms’ technological readiness, investment capacity, and regulation.
In this blog post, we first present new insights from the ECB’s corporate telephone survey (CTS) on AI adoption by firms. We then provide an overview of the multitude of other factors that will influence the impact of AI on productivity growth. Understanding these dynamics is essential for policymakers and business leaders to harness AI’s potential for sustained economic growth.
AI adoption among leading European firms
To get an idea of the pace at which AI is being adopted by European firms, the June 2024 edition of the ECB’s Corporate Telephone Survey (CTS)[1], included a module dedicated to this topic. The results for the firms participating in the survey suggest two important trends: Firstly, European firms are indeed steadily adopting AI for a variety of reasons. Secondly, however, the share of employees using AI regularly at the workplace is still small.
More specifically, the survey results show widespread yet moderate uptake so far among firms (see Chart 1). About 75% of the firms surveyed- amongst the largest in the euro area- claim to already be using AI in their daily business operations, although most of them report that less than 25% of their employees do so. The most common applications of AI relate to improving access to information or creating customised web content. Most firms state that they do not intend to reduce their headcount through the adoption of AI.
Although as shown above the use of AI tools might be relatively common among large euro area firms, a recent survey of Eurostat highlights the divide in adoption rates between large and small firms. According to this survey less than 12% of small enterprises in the EU use at least one AI technology, while more than 40% of large firms do so.[2]

Chart 1
Intensity and intents of use of AI

Chart A: Intensity of AI use
Chart B: Intention behind AI use

share of employees

percentage of respondents

Source: ECB Corporate Telephone Survey.
Note: Respondents were given the chance to provide an answer for every use listed in Chart B.

Estimating the macroeconomic productivity gains of AI adoption
Adoption is the essential precondition for AI to make an impact. However, several other factors will determine how these technologies diffuse and affect productivity growth.
First, current estimations are based on today’s state of the art in AI, assuming that AI can only be applied to a limited set of tasks in the economy. A game changer would be if AI ends up able to tackle any task, becoming so-called “artificial general intelligence”. This could have the potential to push the innovation frontier and replace tasks in a larger number of occupations. Consequently, productivity gains could multiply. Second, for firms to use AI they may need to invest in capital, notably human skills and intangible assets, which eventually would support productivity. Moreover, gains may be amplified if we accounted for productivity spillovers across sectors.[3]
How strongly these factors might affect the economy is hard to estimate. One helpful method to quantify macroeconomic productivity gains looks at the share of tasks exposed to AI and the potential gains for each task. The resulting estimates vary considerably, ranging from 0.07 percentage points (pp) to 1.5 pp per year,[4] as no consensus exists about the tasks that can be automated, to what extent they can be automated, or about the gains AI would bring to each of them.
A set of estimates in the middle of the range is shown in the blue bars in Chart 2, suggesting a productivity increase of around 0.35 pp per year on average for the euro area, 3.5 pp over ten years for the whole economy due to AI.[5] But, again, the potential gains depend on the AI adoption by firms. We use two indicators summarising how straightforward it may be for a given country to adopt AI In order to illustrate how different adoption rates across firms might interact with the general applicability of AI to different tasks in the economy,.
The dots in Chart 2 show how the original estimates for productivity gains would change if the conditions for AI adoption were less favourable as in the optimal scenario (blue bar). To that end we adjusted the estimates for productivity gains based on two indicators: First, the IMF’s preparedness index, which measures how prepared countries are for AI in terms e.g., of digital infrastructure, regulation and labour force (yellow dots). And second, the UN productive capacities index which includes 42 economic characteristics and their role for productivity, such as transport, education or quality of institutions (red dots). We also calculate how the factors captured by both indices together might reduce expected productivity gains. For the euro area, this would reduce the productivity gains to around 3.1 pp over 10 years if either one is considered, and 2.9 pp if both are (green dots).

Chart 2
Estimated productivity gains from AI

How much do the gains depend on “AI readiness” and “productive capacity”?
percentage points

Source: Authors’ calculations based on Bergeaud (2024) https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/sintra/ecb.forumcentbankpub2024_Bergeaud_paper.de.pdf), IMF (AI preparedness, https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/datasets/AIPI) and UNCTAD (productive capacity, https://unctad.org/topic/least-developed-countries/productive-capacities-index).
Notes: The bars show the estimated productivity gains over a period of 10 years in percentage points; the dots show the gains that remain when taking into account for AI preparedness, productive capacity, or both.

The challenge ahead
European firms are slowly adopting AI technologies. However, the expected productivity gains remain uncertain. Whether, and to which extent, the advent of AI tools will boost firms’ output depends on several factors: the future development of the technology, its wide use across workers and tasks,[6] and the capacity of firms to benefit from the new technologies. At the moment, the conditions seem less than ideal in some EU countries. Policy makers may have two avenues to help firms reap the benefits of these new technologies. First, facilitating the availability of the necessary skills and tools for the deployment of AI. Second, implementing structural reforms that foster dynamic business environments and the construction of digital infrastructures more generally.
The views expressed in each blog entry are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the European Central Bank and the Eurosystem.
Check out The ECB Blog and subscribe for future posts.
For topics relating to banking supervision, why not have a look at The Supervision Blog?

The Corporate Telephone Survey is a regular firm survey conducted by the ECB. See “The ECB’s dialogue with non-financial companies”, Economic Bulletin, Issue 1, ECB, 2021.
See Eurostat (January 2025): “Use of artificial intelligence in enterprises”.
See Filippucci, F., Gal, P. and Schief, M. (2024), ‘Miracle or Myth? Assessing the Macroeconomic Productivity Gains From Artificial Intelligence’, OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers no. 29.
See Acemoglu, D. (2025), ‘The Simple Macroeconomics of AI’, Economic Policy, vol. 40, no.121, pp.13-58 and Briggs, J. and Kodnani, D. (2023) ‘The Potentially Large Effects of Artificial Intelligence on Economic Growth’, Goldman Sachs Global Economics Analyst.
This set of estimates is based on Bergeaud, ‘The Past, Present and Future of European Productivity’, paper presented at the 2024 ECB Forum on Central Banking.
See this earlier post on The ECB Blog.

 
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Trade Matters
Commissioner Šefčovič held substantive talks with Secretary of Commerce Lutnick, Ambassador Greer & Director Hassett. Our priority is a fair, balanced deal instead of unjustified tariffs.
Digital Policy
At the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), Commissioner Michael McGrath addressed EU-U.S. economic relations and digital collaboration.
100 Days Defense & Competitiveness
“Our sense of urgency and common direction are clear. We are following up on our commitment to boost defense investment, with concrete steps.”

— European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen
EU on the Hill
Agricultural trade is just one facet of the $4.5 billion in EU-U.S. goods and services traded daily. EU Ambassador Jovita Neliupšienė met U.S. Senator from Arkansas John Boozman and U.S. Representative from Texas Nate Moran.
European Defense Investments 

“450 million EU citizens should not have to depend on 340 million Americans to defend ourselves against 140 million Russians who can’t defeat 38 million Ukrainians. It’s time for us to take responsibility for the defense of Europe.”
— European Commissioner for Defense and Space Andrius Kubilius
On Air
EU Ambassador Jovita Neliupšienė joined Newsmax for a discussion on trade relations and the EU’s defense capabilities.
 
Compliments of the EU External Action Service
 The post Delegation of the EU to the US | Top 10: Fair Trade Matters first appeared on European American Chamber of Commerce New York [EACCNY] | Your Partner for Transatlantic Business Resources.

The European Commission has tightened the steel safeguard measure to shield the EU steel industry from surging imports, delivering on the EU’s Steel and Metals Action Plan. The Commission has reduced the liberalisation rate from 1% to 0.1%, limiting the amount of steel that can be imported into the EU tariff-free. Additionally, countries will no longer be able to use the entire volumes of unused quotas of other countries, including those of Russia and Belarus. The “carry-over” mechanism, which allowed countries to roll over unused quotas to the next quarter, has also been eliminated for categories with high import pressure and low consumption. The tightened measure will create breathing space for EU steel producers to increase their production and thus regain lost market share. It also aims to increase employment and investment in green steel production.
These changes come as the EU steel industry faces intense pressure from global overcapacity, rising exports from China, and increasing trade barriers in key markets like the US. The Commission’s decision follows a review investigation requested by 13 EU Member States, which found that the industry’s situation was worsening due to increased import pressures and decreasing demand.
Most adjustments will enter into force on 1 April 2025, with two entering into force on 1 July 2025 (the slower pace of liberalisation and the removal of the carry-over of unused volumes in certain categories). The amendment of the safeguard does not impact its duration – it will legally lapse on 30 June 2026.
The Commission first introduced the steel safeguard measure in 2019 to prevent economic damage to EU steel producers from trade diversion and rising imports. It has undertaken numerous reviews since, including functioning reviews to adapt the measure to market developments (such as the review preceding the current adjustment) and prolongation reviews. The latest prolongation review extended the application of the measure until the end of June 2026.
 
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The Council adopted today a regulation on financial benchmarks with the aim of reducing red tape for EU companies, particularly SMEs.
Benchmarks are widely used by companies and investors in the EU as references in their financial instruments or contracts.
This legislation amends a regulation from 2016 regarding the scope of the rules for benchmarks, the use of benchmarks provided by administrators located in third countries, and certain reporting requirements.
Main elements of the amended benchmarks regulation

Reduced regulatory burden on administrators of benchmarks defined as non-significant in the EU by removing them from the scope of the legislation.
Only critical or significant benchmarks remain within the scope of the new regulation.
Administrators outside the scope of the rules will be able to request the voluntary application of the rules (opt-in), under certain conditions.
Extended competence for the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA).
Administrators of EU Climate Transition Benchmarks and EU Paris-Aligned Benchmarks must be registered, authorized, recognised, or endorsed to ensure regulatory oversight and prevent misleading ESG claims.
A specific exemption regime for spot foreign exchange benchmarks.

 
Next steps
The final text will be published in the Official Journal of the EU, will enter into force, and apply from 1 January 2026.
 
Background
The Commission presented this proposal in 2023 as part of a package of measures to rationalise financial reporting requirements.
In its Communication ‘Long-term competitiveness of the EU: looking beyond 2030’, the Commission stressed the importance of a regulatory system that ensures objectives are met at minimum cost. It has therefore committed to a renewed effort to simplify and rationalise reporting requirements, with the ultimate aim of reducing administrative burdens by 25%, without undermining the related policy objectives.
 
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AI adoption requires enormous amounts of electricity. And so does greening the economy. Are the digital and green transitions clashing or can they be successfully achieved together? The ECB Blog takes a closer look.

This post is part of a miniseries related to the ECB conference “The Transformative Power of AI”, on 1-2 April 2025, bringing together researchers, practitioners, and policymakers. Learn more here.
Two of the biggest economic challenges Europe faces are the digital and the green transitions. The former seeks to harness the productive possibilities of new technologies, especially artificial intelligence (AI). The latter aims to transition away from carbon usage and green the economy. At a time when electricity generation needs to move away from fossil fuel, both transitions need vast amounts of electricity, to drive data centres, electric vehicles, and heat pumps. These competing demands appear to put the twin transitions onto a collision course. This post argues that the interaction between AI and the green transition goes much deeper than electricity demand. AI can in fact help develop technologies that substantially benefit the green transition. Addressing certain structural factors will benefit both societal goals.
An enormous appetite for energy
The data centres that underpin AI are voracious guzzlers of electricity. Research by Eurosystem staff demonstrates just by how much electricity demand could increase as AI adoption spreads. Take an everyday example: a standard Google search consumes around 0.3Wh of electricity. With that, one could power a standard 60W light bulb for 20 seconds. Once AI comes into play, that picture changes dramatically. A ChatGPT request needs around ten times the electricity to run. An AI-augmented Google search even requires 7-9Wh per request.[1] That is around 300 times the electricity demand, and the power needed to keep the same light bulb on for up to 9 minutes.
Electricity demand driven by the digital transition is already substantial in some Member States. For instance, data centres accounted for around 21% of the total electricity used in Ireland in 2023, more than all urban households combined.
And while the overall electricity demand is already high, data centres are expected to be a substantial driver of even higher EU electricity demand in the coming years (Chart 1). Yet, they are hardly the only. Their contribution is still less than that of the projected 9 million extra battery electric vehicles and 11 million new heat pumps over the same period. This growing demand for electricity makes it harder to decarbonise energy. And consequently, meeting the EU targets for greening electricity requires massive new renewables capacity. The greater the increase in demand, the greater still the increase in renewables needed.

Chart 1
Data centres and green transition to drive rebound in EU electricity demand

Estimated drivers of changes in EU electricity demand
TWh

Source: International Energy Agency.

Even without the increased demands of AI and green investments, meeting those renewable energy targets already looks tough. Expanding the supply of renewable energy is hampered by the sluggish pace of authorisations, which can take years, and long waits for connections to the energy grid. The International Energy Agency estimates that constructing and connecting all the wind and solar projects that have already been granted grid clearance would increase the capacity already in place in Italy at the end of 2022 by 45%, and even triple the equivalent capacity in Spain.
Given these competing demands, it would seem that the development of AI is at loggerheads with the goals of the green transition.
Technological transformation of the economy
It’s worth remembering, however, that at their core the widespread adoption of AI and the green transition involve the same thing: a technological transformation of the economy and society. Combating climate change requires the creation of new, carbon-free technologies and their diffusion throughout the economy. And this is a process that is already benefitting from the support of artificial intelligence. For the future, AI holds even greater potential to improve resource and energy efficiency.
One example is the AI-supported efficiency gains in the energy sector. AI has accelerated the modelling for new wind power sites by factor of up to 4,000. Rather than months, the time taken to calculate the optimal placement for new wind turbines can now be measured in minutes. Furthermore, AI can help with grid maintenance and predicting renewables supply and overall electricity demand, supporting the balancing of the grid. AI is also helping data centres themselves become more efficient. For example, Google used DeepMind to reduce the energy needed to cool its data centres by 40%. AI can do the same for the energy usage of other buildings, which contribute a substantial share of carbon emissions in Europe. One trial in Sweden even managed to reduce the energy used by two large apartment buildings by 20%.
Next to reducing energy usage, battery technology is key for a successful green transition. AI has the potential to help find more efficient materials for production, improve battery maintenance for longer battery life, and assess operational risk in real time. In the longer-term, AI-powered self-driving cars could facilitate car sharing, reducing the total number of cars needed (since they mostly stand idle), and in turn reducing the environmental burden of car production.
Overcoming common challenges
The examples above illustrate why AI and the green transition in fact don’t have to be competitors. Rather, they can be companions that can help and feed off each other. Indeed, the main clash – the energy demand of data centres – isn’t intrinsic. Competitive sources of (nearly) carbon-free electricity generation already exist. Moreover, the main roadblock to both building new data centres and greening electricity generation is the problems surrounding authorisations and grid connections. Addressing these bottlenecks is vital if Europe wants to achieve the productivity gains offered by AI and avoid the productivity losses of further climate change.
There are further common challenges both AI adoption and the green transition face, particularly in Europe. Both transitions require substantial investment. In this regard, Europe is falling behind, particularly on spending on research and development. The green transition will require from 2.7% to 3.7% of EU GDP in additional investment every year until 2030. The European Investment Bank has identified an AI investment gap of around 5-10 billion euro per year. Around 40% of small and medium-sized companies cite a lack of investor willingness to finance green investment as a very significant obstacle. Meanwhile, young European firms receive only a quarter of the scale-up finance enjoyed by US firms.
Recent ECB work has highlighted the need for strong institutions and governance to speed up the adoption of digital and green technologies. There is little incentive for firms to innovate if barriers to market entry and competition prevent them from reaping the benefits. Inefficient labour and product markets might make the needed reallocation of inputs across firms and sectors more difficult. Lack of skilled labour may also prove to be a hindrance, with the need to boost education in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Lifelong training and education are also necessary as AI and the green transition result in shifts in employment.
In light of these challenges, national environmental and AI policies would benefit from more concerted integration to harness the synergies between these twin transitions. There is a role, too, for policies and funding at European level, particularly where the environmental benefits of AI may be widespread but have fewer commercial applications. Taken together, these can help ensure that the common challenges to both transitions can be overcome and to ensure that – rather than clash – both are successfully delivered.
The views expressed in each blog entry are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the European Central Bank and the Eurosystem.
Check out The ECB Blog and subscribe for future posts.
For topics relating to banking supervision, why not have a look at The Supervision Blog?

De Vries, A. (2023), “The growing energy footprint of artificial intelligence”, Joule, Vol. 7, no 10, pp 2191-2194.

 
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