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EU Security Union Strategy: connecting the dots in a new security ecosystem

Today, the European Commission sets out a new EU Security Union Strategy for the period 2020 to 2025, focusing on priority areas where the EU can bring value to support Member States in fostering security for all those living in Europe. From combatting terrorism and organised crime, to preventing and detecting hybrid threats and increasing the resilience of our critical infrastructure, to promoting cybersecurity and fostering research and innovation, the strategy lays out the tools and measures to be developed over the next 5 years to ensure security in our physical and digital environment.
Margaritis Schinas, Vice-President for Promoting our European Way of Life, said: “Security is a cross-cutting issue which goes into almost every sphere of life and affects a multitude of policy areas. With the new EU Security Union Strategy, we are connecting all the dots to build a real security ecosystem. It is time to overcome the false dichotomy between online and offline, between digital and physical and between internal and external security concerns and threats. From protecting our critical infrastructure to fighting cybercrime and countering hybrid threats, we can leave no stone unturned when it comes to our security. This strategy will serve as an umbrella framework for our security policies, which must always be fully grounded in our common values.”
Ylva Johansson, Commissioner for Home Affairs, said: “Knowing you are safe, online, in public, in your home, for your children, builds trust and cohesion in society. With today’s Security Union Strategy, we focus on areas where the EU can make a difference in protecting people throughout Europe, anticipating and tackling evolving threats. In the coming years, my work on the EU’s internal security will build a system that delivers, starting today with action on child sexual abuse, drugs and illegal firearms.”
This strategy lays out 4 strategic priorities for action at EU level:
1. A future-proof security environment
Individuals rely on key infrastructures, online and offline, to travel, work or benefit from essential public services; and attacks on such infrastructures can cause huge disruptions. Preparedness and resilience are key for quick recovery. The Commission will put forward new EU rules on the protection and resilience of critical infrastructure, physical and digital.
Recent terrorist attacks have focused on public spaces, including places of worship and transport hubs, exploiting their open and accessible nature.The Commission will promote stepped up public-private cooperation in this area, to ensure stronger physical protection of public places and adequate detection systems.
Cyberattacks have become more frequent and sophisticated.  By the end of the year, the Commission should complete the review of the Network and Information Systems Directive (the main European cybersecurity legislation) and outline strategic cybersecurity priorities to ensure the EU can anticipate and respond to evolving threats.
In addition, the Commission has also identified the need for a Joint Cyber Unit as a platform for structured and coordinated cooperation.
Lastly, the EU should continue building and maintaining robust international partnerships to further prevent, deter and respond to cyberattacks, as well as promote EU standards to increase the cybersecurity of partner countries.
2. Tackling evolving threats
Criminals increasingly exploit technological developments to their ends, with malware and data theft on the rise. The Commission will make sure that existing EU rules against cybercrime are fit for purpose and correctly implemented, and will explore measures against identity theft.
The Commission will look into measures to enhance law enforcement capacity in digital investigations, making sure they have adequate tools, techniques and skills. These would include artificial intelligence, big data and high performance computing into security policy.
Concrete action is needed to tackle core threats to citizens, such as terrorism, extremism or child sexual abuse, under a framework ensuring the respect of fundamental rights. The Commission is putting forward today a strategy for a more effective fight against child sexual abuse online.
Countering hybrid threats that aim to weaken social cohesion and undermine trust in institutions, as well as enhancing EU resilience are an important element of the Security Union Strategy. Key measures include an EU approach on countering hybrid threats, from early detection, analysis, awareness, building resilience and prevention to crisis response and consequence management – mainstreaming hybrid considerations into broader policy-making. The Commission and the High Representative will continue to jointly take forward this work, in close cooperation with strategic partners, notably NATO and G7.
3. Protecting Europeans from terrorism and organised crime
Fighting terrorism starts with addressing the polarisation of society, discrimination and other factors that can reinforce people’s vulnerability to radical discourse. The work on anti-radicalisation will focus on early detection, resilience building and disengagement, as well as rehabilitation and reintegration in society. In addition to fighting root causes, effective prosecution of terrorists, including foreign terrorist fighters, will be essential – to achieve this, steps are under way to strengthen border security legislation and better use of existing databases. Cooperation with non-EU countries and international organisations will also be key in the fight against terrorism, for instance to cut off all sources of terrorism financing.
Organised crime comes at huge costs for victims, as well as for the economy, with €218 to €282 billion estimated to be lost every year. Key measures include an Agenda for tackling organised crime, including trafficking in human beings for next year. More than a third of organised crime groups active in the EU are involved in trafficking illicit drugs. The Commission is today putting forward a new EU Agenda on Drugs to strengthen efforts on drug demand and supply reduction, and reinforce cooperation with external partners.
Organised crime groups and terrorists are also key players in the trade of illegal firearms. The Commission is presenting today a new EU Action Plan against firearms trafficking. To ensure that crime does not pay, the Commission will review the current framework on seizing criminals’ assets.
Criminal organisations treat migrants and people in need of international protection as a commodity. The Commission will soon put forward a new EU Action Plan against migrant smuggling focussing on combatting criminal networks, boosting cooperation and support the work of law enforcement.
4. A strong European security ecosystem
Governments, law enforcement authorities, businesses, social organisations, and those living in Europe all have a common responsibility in fostering security.
The EU will help promote cooperation and information sharing, with the aim to combat crime and pursue justice. Key measures include strengthening Europol’s mandate and further developing Eurojust to better link judicial and law enforcement authorities. Working with partners outside of the EU is also crucial to secure information and evidence.  Cooperation with Interpol will also be reinforced.
Research and innovation are powerful tools to counter threats and to anticipate risks and opportunities. As part of the review of Europol’s mandate, the Commission will look into the creation of a European Innovation hub for internal security.
Skills and increased awareness can benefit both law enforcement and citizens alike. Even a basic knowledge of security threats and how to combat them can have a real impact on society’s resilience. Consciousness of the risks of cybercrime and basic skills to protect oneself from it can work together with protection from service providers to counter cyber-attacks. The European Skills Agenda, adopted on 1 July 2020, supports skills-building throughout life, including in the area of security.

Image Courtesy of the European Commission.
Background
In recent years, new, increasingly complex cross-border and cross-sectorial security threats have emerged, highlighting the need for closer cooperation on security at all levels. The coronavirus crisis has also put European security into sharp focus, testing the resilience of Europe’s critical infrastructure, crisis preparedness and crisis management systems.
President von der Leyen’s political guidelines called for improved cooperation to protect all those living in Europe. Today’s EU Security Union Strategy maps the priority actions, tools and measures to deliver on that objective, both in the physical and in the digital world, and across all parts of society.
The strategy builds upon progress achieved previously under the Commission’s European Agenda on Security 2015-2020 and focuses on priorities endorsed by the European Parliament and the Council.
It also recognises the increasing inter-connection between internal and external security. Many work strands will build on a joined up EU approach and implementation of the strategy will be taken forward in full complementarity and coherence with EU external action in the field of security and defence under the responsibility of the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy.
The Commission will regularly report on the progress made and will keep the European Parliament, the Council and stakeholders fully informed and engaged in all relevant actions.
For More Information
Communication on the EU Security Union Strategy
Questions and Answers: Delivering on a Security Union
Press release: Delivering on a Security Union: initiatives to fight child sexual abuse, drugs and illegal firearms
Security Union – Commission website
Compliments of the European Commission.

EACC

Coronavirus response: Making capital markets work for Europe’s recovery

The European Commission has today adopted a Capital Markets Recovery Package, as part of the Commission’s overall coronavirus recovery strategy. On 28 April, the Commission had already proposed a Banking Package to facilitate bank lending to households and businesses throughout the EU. Today’s measures aim to make it easier for capital markets to support European businesses to recover from the crisis.  The package proposes targeted changes to capital market rules, which will encourage greater investments in the economy, allow for the rapid re-capitalisation of companies and increase banks’ capacity to finance the recovery.
Valdis Dombrovskis, Executive Vice-President for an Economy that works for the people said: “We are continuing with our efforts to help EU citizens and businesses during the coronavirus crisis and the subsequent recovery. One way of doing so is to help businesses raise capital on public markets. Today’s targeted amendments will make it easier for our businesses to get the funding they need and to invest in our economy. Capital markets are vital to the recovery, because public financing alone will not be enough to get our economies back on track. We will present a wider Capital Markets Union Action Plan in September.”
The package contains targeted adjustments to the Prospectus Regulation, MiFID II and securitisation rules. All of the amendments are at the heart of the Capital Markets Union project aimed at better integrating national capital markets and ensuring equal access to investments and funding opportunities across the EU.
Targeted amendments to the prospectus regime – EU Recovery Prospectus: Easy to produce – Easy to read – Easy to scrutinise
A prospectus is a document that companies need to disclose to their investors when they issue shares and bonds. The Commission is today proposing to create an “EU Recovery Prospectus” – a type of short-form prospectus – for companies that have a track record in the public market. This temporary prospectus would be easy to produce for companies, easy to read for investors, and easy to scrutinise for national competent authorities. It would cut down the length of prospectuses from hundreds of pages to just 30 pages. This will help companies to raise capital – such as shares – instead of going deeper into debt. A second set of targeted amendments to the Prospectus Regulation aims at facilitating fundraising by banks that play an essential role in financing the recovery of the real economy.
Targeted amendments to the MiFID II requirements for European firms
The Commission is today proposing to make some targeted amendments to MiFID II requirements, in order to reduce some of the administrative burdens that experienced investors face in their business-to-business relationships. Lesser-experienced investors (such as households investing their savings for retirement) will remain just as protected as before. These amendments refer to a number of requirements that were already identified (during the MiFID/MiFIR public consultation) as being overly burdensome or hindering the development of European markets. The current crisis makes it even more important to alleviate unnecessary burdens and provide opportunities to nascent markets. The Commission therefore proposes to recalibrate requirements to ensure that there is a high level of transparency towards the client, while also ensuring the highest standards of protection and acceptable compliance costs for European firms. In parallel, the Commission has today opened a public consultation on amendments to the MiFID II delegated directive to increase the research coverage regime for small and mid-cap issuers and for bonds. In particular, SMEs need a good level of investment research to give them enough visibility to attract new investors.  We are today also proposing to amend the MiFID rules affecting energy derivatives markets. This is intended to help the development of euro-denominated energy markets – important for the international role of the euro – as well as allow European companies to cover their risks, while safeguarding the integrity of commodity markets, especially for agricultural products.
Targeted amendments to securitisation rules
The Commission is today proposing a package of measures amending the Securitisation Regulation and the Capital Requirements Regulation. Securitisation is a tool through which banks can bundle loans, turn them into securities, and sell them onto capital markets. The aim of these changes is to facilitate the use of securitisation in Europe’s recovery by enabling banks to expand their lending and to free their balance sheets of non-performing exposures. It is helpful to let banks transfer some of the risk of SME (small and medium-sized enterprises) loans to the markets so that they can keep lending to SMEs. In particular, the Commission proposes creating a specific framework for simple, transparent and standardised on-balance-sheet securitisation that would benefit from a prudential treatment reflecting the actual riskiness of these instruments. In addition, the Commission proposes to remove existing regulatory obstacles to the securitisation of non-performing exposures. This can help banks offload non-performing exposures that can be expected to grow because of the coronavirus crisis. Today’s changes are based on extensive work and analysis carried out by the European Banking Authority in 2019 and 2020.
For more information
Link to today’s package
Questions and Answers
Compliments of the European Commission.

EACC

MEPs debate recovery fund, condemn major cuts to long-term EU budget

In an extraordinary plenary session, MEPs commented on the 17-21 July European Council deal on EU financing and the recovery plan to tackle the pandemic fallout.

In the debate with Council and Commission Presidents Charles Michel and Ursula von der Leyen, the deal reached at the recent European Council meeting on the recovery fund was qualified as “historic” by many MEPs as for the first time, member states have agreed to issue €750 billion of joint debt. With cuts made to the long-term budget (multiannual financial framework, MFF) however, most were “not happy”.
“We are not ready to swallow the MFF pill”, said Manfred Weber (EPP). Also, S&D leader Iratxe García would not accept the cuts, “not at a time when we need to strengthen our strategic autonomy and reduce disparities between Member states”.
Many highlighted that the question of reimbursing the debt was not resolved. MEPs insisted that the burden must not fall on the citizens, and that a robust system of new own resources including a digital tax or levies on carbon for the repayment must be guaranteed, with a binding calendar. Furthermore, many underlined that “the EU is not a cash machine for national budgets”, deploring that “frugal” countries do not want to pay the price for benefiting from the single market, and insisting that no funds should go to “pseudo-democratic” governments which do not respect the rule of law and EU values.
Others were more sceptical about new own resources generating enough to repay all the debt and warned that the crisis should not be used as a pretext for further EU integration. Most however stressed that Parliament is ready for swift negotiations to make the necessary improvements to the Council’s common position.
MEPs now vote on a resolution to wind up the debate, which will serve as a mandate for the upcoming negotiations with the German Presidency of the Council of the EU. The result of the final vote will be announced in plenary today at 17.30.
Click on links to view individual statements
Charles Michel, President of the European Council
Ursula von der Leyen, President of the European Commission
Manfred Weber (EPP, DE), Iratxe García Pérez (S&D, ES), Dacian Cioloș (RE, RO), Nicolas Bay (ID, FR), Philippe Lamberts (Greens/EFA, BE)
Robert Zīle (ECR, LV), Martin Schirdewan (GUE/NGL, DE)
Closing remarks by Charles Michel, President of the European Council
Compliments of the European Parliament.

EACC

IMF Executive Board Approves a Temporary Increase in Annual Access Limits to Financial Support

Washington, DC |
On July 13, the Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) approved a temporary increase in the annual limits on overall access to resources in the General Resources Account and the Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust. The severe impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on global economic conditions has resulted in an unprecedented number of member countries seeking financial support from the IMF. As of July 13, 2020, 72 countries have already received financial assistance from the IMF’s emergency financing instruments since the onset of the pandemic, facilitated by the doubling of annual access limits under these facilities approved by the Executive Board on April 6. Further requests for assistance, the majority of which are likely to be met through the IMF’s regular lending instruments, are expected in the months ahead.
IMF lending is subject to an annual limit on the access to resources that a country can obtain from its general resources and a separate annual limit on access under its concessional facilities. Many of the countries that have received financial support from the IMF since the onset of the pandemic have reached, or are approaching, the relevant annual access limits. Requests for financial assistance in excess of these annual limits trigger application of the relevant exceptional access framework, where the request is subject to tighter scrutiny and can be approved only if specified criteria are met.
Given the unique circumstances created by the pandemic, the IMF’s Executive Board approved temporary increases in these annual access limits, to remain in effect through April 6, 2021. This will allow member countries to obtain higher levels of financial support during this time period without triggering the application of the exceptional access framework. The existing limits on cumulative access are unaffected by this temporary change.
The Executive Board also approved the temporary suspension of the limit on the number of disbursements under the Rapid Credit Facility (RCF) through April 6, 2021. This allows emergency financing to the IMF’s poorest member countries to be provided more frequently over the course of a year, provided that the combined amounts of support provided under the RCF does not exceed the annual limit on access under this facility.
Executive Board Assessment [1]
Executive Directors welcomed the opportunity to consider proposals to raise the limits on annual access to Fund resources on a temporary basis. They noted that the COVID‑19 pandemic had triggered a uniquely severe synchronized shock across the global economy and an ensuing surge in requests for financial support under the Fund’s emergency financing instruments. While access limits under these instruments had already been increased temporarily on April 6 as part of the Fund’s COVID‑19 response, Directors recognized that many countries, in seeking to contain the impact of the pandemic and to lay the basis for economic recovery, would likely need additional financial support from the Fund in the coming year.
Against this background, Directors supported increases in the annual access limits in the General Resources Account (GRA) from 145 to 245 percent of quota, and under the Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust (PRGT) from 100 percent to 150 percent of quota, on a temporary basis through April 6, 2021. They also supported a temporary increase in the exceptional annual access limit under the PRGT by 50 percent of quota to 183.33 percent of quota for the same period. While a few Directors would have preferred more moderate increases, many other Directors would have supported a larger increase in the normal annual access limit under the PRGT, in line with the increase in the limit to access to GRA resources. Directors highlighted the need to secure sufficient subsidy resources to ensure the self‑sustainability of the PRGT and looked forward to discussing possible funding options in the upcoming review of concessional financing. Directors also looked forward to the planned discussion of a policy on enhanced safeguards for high‑level access to combined GRA and PRGT resources. They took note of the clarifications as to how annual access should be calculated in applying the relevant annual access limits.
Directors agreed to suspend, on a temporary basis, the limit on the number of disbursements under the Rapid Credit Facility (RCF) within a 12‑month period through April 6, 2021. They acknowledged that, with the temporary doubling of the limit on annual access to resources under the exogenous shocks window of the RCF, the current limit on the number of disbursements unduly constrains the flexibility with which the RCF could be used to support member countries.
Given prevailing uncertainties, Directors agreed to review the decisions adopted today before the end of 2020, taking account of the initial experience with the use of the higher access limits and of the global economic outlook at that juncture.
Directors acknowledged that possible modifications to the cumulative limits on overall access to the GRA and the PRGT would be considered in a broader discussion of the Fund’s risk tolerance in the coming months. Many Directors expressed disappointment that the case for increasing these limits was not proposed for consideration in the current context, while many other Directors opposed or urged caution in considering a change that could weaken important safeguards and pose substantial risks to the Fund. Directors also recognized that these cumulative access limits do not set a ceiling on the amount of financing that a member can obtain from the Fund but rather serve as a trigger for additional scrutiny under the exceptional access framework, with the exception of hard access caps in the PRGT. Directors looked forward to an early discussion of the Fund’s precautionary balances.
Directors underscored that access limits are key elements of the Fund’s risk management framework, providing an important safeguard to Fund resources and preserving their revolving nature and catalytic role. They noted that, notwithstanding higher access limits to cover the pandemic period, judgment continues to be needed in determining the amount of access in individual arrangements, including in assessing the member’s balance of payments need, repayment capacity, and strength of adjustment efforts. Directors stressed the importance of enhanced scrutiny and additional safeguards for exceptional access cases. Although the increased access limits heighten risks to the Fund, many Directors pointed to potential risks from the failure of the Fund to provide adequate financial support to its members.
[1] At the conclusion of the discussion, the Managing Director, as Chairman of the Board, summarizes the views of Executive Directors, and this summary is transmitted to the country’s authorities. An explanation of any qualifiers used in summings up can be found here: http://www.IMF.org/external/np/sec/misc/qualifiers.htm.
Compliments of the IMF.

EACC

REACT-EU: Council of the EU agrees on its partial negotiating position

The EU is providing additional funding and flexibility in the use of the structural funds to help member states’ recovery efforts following the COVID-19 outbreak.
EU ambassadors, meeting within the Committee of Permanent Representatives, today endorsed the Council’s partial position on REACT-EU, the EU initiative with the biggest impact in the short to medium term, as well as on a series of amendments to long-term legislative proposals.

We must ensure that European regions not only survive the crisis but emerge stronger from it. In this respect, the prompt adoption of REACT-EU will help deliver support to regions and territories quickly and help prevent the widening of disparities as a result of the pandemic.Peter Altmaier, Federal Minister for Economic Affairs and Energy, German presidency of the Council

REACT-EU will provide exceptional additional resources to member states, to be used for bolstering the economy and jobs in the worst affected regions and preparing a green, digital and resilient recovery.
The resources will be made available in 2021 and 2022, serving as a bridge from the emergency COVID-19 response to the next phase, of repairing the economy in the long term.
REACT-EU will primarily support health services and SMEs, the preservation of jobs and job creation, particularly for people in vulnerable situations, youth employment, and access to social services. Member states may also increase allocations for programmes for the most deprived.
Cohesion package 2021-2027
Also today, EU ambassadors endorsed the Council’s updated partial position, which takes into account the amendments to the structural funds for the 2021-2027 programming period.
The changes to the legislative package, which was originally proposed in May 2018, introduce measures aimed at tackling the socio-economic fallout of the COVID-19 outbreak.
Consequently, the Council’s position endorses the role of culture and tourism in economic development, social inclusion and social innovation. This means that member states will be able to invest more in these two sectors, which have been severely hit by the pandemic.
In addition, a new provision allows for the adoption of temporary measures for flexible use of the funds in future times of crisis.
The Council’s position excludes the financial elements of the proposals, including REACT-EU, which still need to be added to the negotiating mandate following the overall agreement reached on 21 July on the EU’s long-term budget and recovery package.
Next steps
Once the European Parliament has agreed on its position on the legislative proposals, negotiations will begin between the two institutions with the aim of reaching an agreement.
Council’s partial mandate on REACT-EU, 17 July 2020
Council’s partial mandate on ERDF and Cohesion Fund, 17 July 2020
Council’s partial mandate on ESF Plus, 17 July 2020
Council’s partial mandate on the Common Provisions Regulation, 17 July 2020
Compliments of the Council of the EU.

EACC

“Our Deal is a Symbol of a Strong and United Europe”

EU Leaders agreed a package of €1,824.3 billion combining the multiannual financial framework and the extraordinary recovery fund Next Generation EU that will help the EU to rebuild after the COVID-19 pandemic and will support investments in the green and digital transitions.

We have reached a deal on the recovery package and the European budget. These were, of course, difficult negotiations in very difficult times for all Europeans. A marathon which ended in success for all 27 member states, but especially for the people. This is a good deal. This is a strong deal. And most importantly, this is the right deal for Europe, right now.President Michel at the press conference of the European Council

The socio-economic fallout from the COVID-19 crisis requires a joint and innovative effort at EU level in order to support the recovery and resilience of the member states’ economies.
To achieve the desired result and be sustainable, the recovery effort should be linked to the traditional multiannual financial framework (MFF), which has shaped EU budgetary policies since 1988 and offers a long-term perspective.
EU leaders have agreed to a comprehensive package of €1 824.3 billion which combines MFF and an extraordinary recovery effort under the Next Generation EU (NGEU) instrument.
Long-term EU budget
The new Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) will cover seven years between 2021 and 2027. The MFF, reinforced by Next Generation EU, will also be the main instrument for implementing the recovery package to tackle the socio-economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic.
The size of the MFF – €1 074.3 billion – will allow the EU to fulfill its long-term objectives and preserve the full capacity of the recovery plan. This proposal is largely based on the proposal made by President Michel in February, which reflected two years of discussions between member states.
The MFF will cover the following spending areas:
single market, innovation and digital
cohesion, resilience and values
natural resources and the environment
migration and border management
security and defence
neighbourhood and the world
European public administration
Recovery fund
Next Generation EU will provide the Union with the necessary means to address the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Under the agreement the Commission will be able to borrow up to €750 billion on the markets. These funds may be used for back-to-back loans and for expenditure channelled through the MFF programmes. Capital raised on the financial markets will be repaid by 2058.
The amounts available under NGEU will be allocated to seven individual programmes:
Recovery and Resilience Facility (RFF)
ReactEU
Horizon Europe
InvestEU
Rural Development
Just Transition Fund, and
RescEU.
Loans and grants
€390 billion from the package will be distributed in the form of grants to member states and €360 billion in loans.
Allocation from the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF)
The plan ensures the money goes to the countries and sectors most affected by the crisis: 70% under the grants of the Recovery and Resilience Facility will be committed in 2021 and 2022 and 30% will be committed in 2023.
Allocations from the RRF in 2021-2022 will be established according to the Commission’s allocation criteria taking into account  member states’ respective living standards, size and unemployment levels.
For 2023 allocations, the unemployment criterion will be replaced by the drop in GDP in 2020 and 2021.
Governance and conditionality
In line with the principles of good governance, member states will prepare national recovery and resilience plans for 2021-2023. These will need to be consistent with the country-specific recommendations and contribute to green and digital transitions. More specifically, the plans are required to boost growth and jobs and reinforce the “economic and social resilience” of EU countries. The plans will be reviewed in 2022. The assessment of these plans will be approved by the Council by a qualified majority vote on a proposal by the Commission.
The disbursement of grants will take place only if the agreed milestones and targets set out in the recovery and resilience plans are fulfilled.
If, exceptionally, one or more member states consider that there are serious deviations from the satisfactory fulfillment of the relevant milestones and targets, they may request that the President of the European Council refer the matter to the next European Council.
Climate action
30% of the total expenditure from the MFF and Next Generation EU will target climate-related projects. Expenses under the MFF and Next Generation EU will comply with the EU’s objective of climate neutrality by 2050, the EU’s 2030 climate targets and the Paris Agreement.
Rule of law
The Union’s financial interests will be protected in accordance with the general principles embedded in the Union Treaties, in particular the values referred to in Article 2 TEU. The European Council also underlines the importance of the respect of the rule of law. Based on this background, a regime of conditionality to protect the budget and Next Generation EU will be introduced.
Rebates
Lump sum rebates on the annual gross national income-based contribution will be maintained for Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Austria and Sweden.
Own resources
EU leaders agreed to provide the EU with new resources to pay back funds raised under Next Generation EU. They agreed on a new plastic levy that will be introduced in 2021. In the same year the Commission is expected to put forward a proposal for a carbon adjustment measure and a digital levy, both of which would be introduced by the end of 2022.
The Commission would then come back with a revised proposal on the EU emissions trading scheme (ETS), possibly extending it to the aviation and maritime sectors. There may also be other new resources, such as a financial transaction tax. The proceeds of the new own resources introduced after 2021 will be used for early repayment of NGEU borrowing.
A €5 billion Brexit reserve will be established to support the member states and economic sectors hardest hit by Brexit.
Useful Links
European Council Conclusions (17-21 July 2020)
Remarks by President Charles Michel after the Special European Council, 17-21 July 2020
Opening remarks by President von der Leyen at the joint press conference with President Michel following the Special European Council meeting of 17-21 July 2020
Compliments of the Delegation of the European Union in the United States.

EACC

Capital markets union: EU Council adopts new rules for crowdfunding platforms

The Council today adopted new rules to improve the way crowdfunding platforms operate across the EU.
The new framework is part of the capital markets union’s project which aims at providing an easier access to new financing sources. It will remove barriers for crowdfunding platforms to provide their services cross-border by harmonising the minimum requirements when operating in their home market and other EU countries. It will also increase legal certainty through common investor protection rules.
The new rules will cover crowdfunding campaigns of up to EUR 5 million over a 12 month period. Larger operations will be regulated by MiFID and the prospectus regulation. Reward- and donation-based crowdfunding fall outside the rules’ scope since they cannot be regarded as financial services.
The adopted rules provide a high level of investor protection, whilst taking into account compliance cost for providers: they set out common prudential, information and transparency requirements and include specific requirements for non-sophisticated investors. The rules for EU crowdfunding businesses will be tailored depending on whether they provide their funding in the form of a loan or an investment (through shares and bonds issued by the company that raises funds).
The framework defines common authorisation and supervision rules for national competent authorities. The European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) will have an enhanced role to facilitate coordination and cooperation, through a binding dispute mediation mechanism and the development of technical standards.
Background and process
Crowdfunding is an emerging alternative form of financing that connects, typically via the Internet, those who can give, lend or invest money directly with those who need financing for a specific project. For start-ups and other SMEs, bank lending is often expensive or difficult to access due to the lack of credit history or a lack of tangible collateral. Crowdfunding can be a useful substitute funding source, in particular in the early stages of business.
Formally, the Council today adopted its position at first reading. The regulation now needs to be adopted by the European Parliament at second reading before it can be published in the Official Journal and enter into force.
Text of the crowdfunding directive, 8 July 2020
Text of the crowdfunding regulation, 8 July 2020
Compliments the European Council.

EACC

Opening remarks by President von der Leyen at the joint press conference with President Michel following the Special European Council meeting of 17-21 July 2020

Thank you very much.
Ladies and gentlemen,
First of all, I would like to thank the President of the European Council – Charles Michel – for his enormous efforts and perseverance. This European Council’s success is also his success.
And I would like to thank Angela Merkel for her exceptional guidance. We negotiated for four long days and nights – more than 90 hours – but it was worth it. This agreement is a signal that Europe is capable of taking action.
A popular prejudiced view of Europe is that our reactions are ‘too little, too late’. This proves otherwise. At the end of April, the European Council tasked us with drawing up a recovery package. Today, only two months later, we have NextGenerationEU and it has the approval of the European Council.
In the history of the EU, this is an all-time record for a new budgetary instrument. And NextGenerationEU is impressive in its scope, worth more than EUR 1.8 trillion. That is more than 5% of the EU 27’s GDP. Europe still has the courage and imagination to think big!
Exhausted though we all may be, we are also conscious that this is an historic moment in Europe. We find ourselves in one of the most serious of economic and public health crises. And yet, following tough negotiations, Europe has successfully responded in force to this unprecedented crisis. This response draws on the EU budget and combines solidarity with responsibility.
‘Solidarity’, because all 27 Member States stand jointly behind NextGenerationEU. And ‘responsibility’, because NextGenerationEU not only leads the way out of this crisis – it can also lay the foundations for a modern, more sustainable Europe.
I want to emphasise two more points. We have now the New Own Resources tightly linked to the repayment. This is a big step forward with a clear timetable. Member States will benefit as they will contribute less to repay the investments. And the New Own Resources will strengthen the European Union also in the long term. I am glad that we managed to safeguard this achievement during the whole negotiations.
And Europe’s recovery will be green! The new budget will power the European Green Deal. It will accelerate the digitalisation of Europe’s economy. Thanks to NextGenerationEU, national reforms will be boosted. We invest in Europe’s future.
And finally, unlike in previous crises, this time, Member States have not opted for an intergovernmental solution. But they have entrusted the European Commission with Europe’s recovery. We will together manage a total of EUR 1.8 trillion. The bulk of the money will be channelled through the programmes in which the European Parliament is involved. NextGenerationEU comes with a great responsibility. We are determined to bring about reforms and investment in Europe.
Nevertheless, I must also mention a difficult point: In their search for a compromise, leaders have made far-reaching adjustments in the new MFF and NextGenerationEU, for example in health, migration, external action and InvestEU; they have not taken up the Solvency Instrument. This is regrettable. It decreases the innovative part of the budget, even if more than 50% of the overall budget – MFF and NextGenerationEU – will support modern policies.
Finally, to conclude: Europe as a whole has now a big chance to come out stronger from the crisis. Today, we have taken a historic step, we all can be proud of. But another important step remains ahead of us. First and foremost, we now have to work with the European Parliament to secure agreement. We have a lot of work ahead of us, but tonight is a big step forward towards recovery.
Thank you!
Compliments of the European Commission.

EACC

Recovery plan for Europe: Joint press conference following the Special European Council meeting of 17-21 July 2020

Opening remarks by European Commission President von der Leyen | Brussels | July, 21 2020
Thank you very much.
Ladies and gentlemen,
First of all, I would like to thank the President of the European Council – Charles Michel – for his enormous efforts and perseverance. This European Council’s success is also his success.
And I would like to thank Angela Merkel for her exceptional guidance. We negotiated for four long days and nights – more than 90 hours – but it was worth it. This agreement is a signal that Europe is capable of taking action.
A popular prejudiced view of Europe is that our reactions are ‘too little, too late’. This proves otherwise. At the end of April, the European Council tasked us with drawing up a recovery package. Today, only two months later, we have NextGenerationEU and it has the approval of the European Council.
In the history of the EU, this is an all-time record for a new budgetary instrument. And NextGenerationEU is impressive in its scope, worth more than EUR 1.8 trillion. That is more than 5% of the EU 27’s GDP. Europe still has the courage and imagination to think big!
Exhausted though we all may be, we are also conscious that this is an historic moment in Europe. We find ourselves in one of the most serious of economic and public health crises. And yet, following tough negotiations, Europe has successfully responded in force to this unprecedented crisis. This response draws on the EU budget and combines solidarity with responsibility.
‘Solidarity’, because all 27 Member States stand jointly behind NextGenerationEU. And ‘responsibility’, because NextGenerationEU not only leads the way out of this crisis – it can also lay the foundations for a modern, more sustainable Europe.
I want to emphasise two more points. We have now the New Own Resources tightly linked to the repayment. This is a big step forward with a clear timetable. Member States will benefit as they will contribute less to repay the investments. And the New Own Resources will strengthen the European Union also in the long term. I am glad that we managed to safeguard this achievement during the whole negotiations.
And Europe’s recovery will be green! The new budget will power the European Green Deal. It will accelerate the digitalisation of Europe’s economy. Thanks to NextGenerationEU, national reforms will be boosted. We invest in Europe’s future.
And finally, unlike in previous crises, this time, Member States have not opted for an intergovernmental solution. But they have entrusted the European Commission with Europe’s recovery. We will together manage a total of EUR 1.8 trillion. The bulk of the money will be channelled through the programmes in which the European Parliament is involved. NextGenerationEU comes with a great responsibility. We are determined to bring about reforms and investment in Europe.
Nevertheless, I must also mention a difficult point: In their search for a compromise, leaders have made far-reaching adjustments in the new MFF and NextGenerationEU, for example in health, migration, external action and InvestEU; they have not taken up the Solvency Instrument. This is regrettable. It decreases the innovative part of the budget, even if more than 50% of the overall budget – MFF and NextGenerationEU – will support modern policies.
Finally, to conclude: Europe as a whole has now a big chance to come out stronger from the crisis. Today, we have taken a historic step, we all can be proud of. But another important step remains ahead of us. First and foremost, we now have to work with the European Parliament to secure agreement. We have a lot of work ahead of us, but tonight is a big step forward towards recovery.
Thank you!

Compliments of the European Commission
________
Details on the EU Recovery Plan “Next Generation EU” can be found here: https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-work-travel-eu/health/coronavirus-response/recovery-plan-europe_en.

EU leaders agreed to borrow €750 billion for a EU recovery fund, composed of €390 billion in grants & €360 billion in loans, attached to a new €1.074 trillion 7-year budget, the Multiannual Financial Framework (#MFF), bringing the total financial package to €1.82 trillion.

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EACC

IMF | Currencies and Crisis: How Dominant Currencies Limit the Impact of Exchange Rate Flexibility

Faced with an unprecedented shock of collapsing global demand and commodity prices, capital outflows, major supply chain disruptions and a generalized drop in global trade, many emerging markets and developing economies’ (EMDEs) currencies have weakened sharply. Will these currency movements support the recovery of these economies?
Building on a new dataset, research laid out in a new IMF Staff Discussion Note indicates that the short-term gains from weaker currencies may be limited. This is especially true for EMDEs where firms price their international sales and finance themselves in a few foreign currencies, notably the US dollar—so-called Dominant Currency Pricing and Dominant Currency Financing.
The prevalence of dominant currencies like the US dollar in firms’ pricing decisions alters how trade flows respond to exchange rates.
Dominant currency pricing
The central assumption underlying the traditional view on exchange rates is that firms set their prices in their home currencies. As a result, domestically-produced goods and services become cheaper for trading partners when the domestic currency weakens, leading to more demand from them and, thus, more exports. Similarly, when a country’s currency depreciates, imports become more expensive in home currency terms, inducing consumers to import less in favor of domestically-produced goods. Thus, if prices are set in the exporter’s currency, a weaker currency can help the domestic economy recover from a negative shock.
However, there is growing evidence that most of global trade is invoiced in a few currencies, most notably the US dollar—a feature dubbed Dominant Currency Pricing or Dominant Currency Paradigm. In fact, the share of US dollar trade invoicing across countries far exceeds their share of trade with the US. This is especially true in EMDEs and, given their growing role in the global economy, increasingly relevant for the international monetary system.
The inception of the euro initially reduced the dominance of the US dollar somewhat, but the latter has remained largely unabated since then. Other reserve currencies play a limited role. Dominant currency pricing is common both in goods and in services trade, although it is less prevalent in the latter—especially in some sectors, like tourism.
Image Courtesy of the IMF.
The prevalence of dominant currencies like the US dollar in firms’ pricing decisions alters how trade flows respond to exchange rates, especially in the short term. When export prices are set in US dollars or euros, a country’s depreciation does not make goods and services cheaper for foreign buyers, at least in the short term, creating little incentive to increase demand. Thus, in EMDEs, where dominant currency pricing is more common, the reaction of export quantities to the exchange rate is more muted and so is the short-term boost of a depreciation to the domestic economy.
Another important implication of the use of the US dollar in trade pricing is that a global strengthening of the US dollar entails short-term contractionary effects on trade. This is because the weakening of other countries’ currencies vis-à-vis the US dollar leads to higher domestic currency prices of their imports, including from countries other than the US, and, thus, a lower demand for them.
Image Courtesy of the IMF.
Dominant currency financing
The prevalence of the US dollar is also a feature of corporate financing in EMDEs. This feature—Dominant Currency Financing—means that exchange rate fluctuations can also have effects through their impact on firms’ balance sheets, a phenomenon widely studied in the literature. A depreciation that increases the value of a firm’s liabilities relative to its revenues weakens its balance sheet and hinders access to new financing, as firms’ capacity to repay deteriorates. However, this effect depends on the currency in which revenues are earned, that is, whether revenues are in foreign currency or in local currency.
Exporting firms that use the US dollar or euros for both pricing and financing, are “naturally hedged” as liabilities and revenues move in tandem when exchange rates fluctuate. This means foreign currency financing is less of a concern when concentrated in exporting firms. Revenues and liabilities of importing firms, however, are typically not matched, and exchange rate fluctuations bring about balance sheet effects that constrain financing and import volumes. Dominant currency financing tends to amplify the effect of a country’s depreciation on its imports.
The prevalent use of the US dollar in corporate financing also means that a generalized strengthening of the US dollar can have globally contractionary effects through importing firms balance sheets.
Image Courtesy of the IMF.
Dominant Currencies and the Great Lockdown
Our analysis on dominant currencies suggests that the weakening of EMDE’s currencies is unlikely to provide a material boost to their economies in the short term as the response of most exports will be muted, besides the physical disruptions to trade from supply and demand disruptions. Meanwhile, key sectors that would normally respond more to exchange rates—like tourism—are likely to be impaired by COVID-related containment measures and consumer behavior changes.
Additionally, the global strengthening of the US dollar—which mainly reflects a flight to safe haven assets—is likely to amplify the short-term fall in global trade and economic activity, as both higher domestic prices of traded goods and services and negative balance sheet effects on importing firms, lead to lower import demand among countries other than the United States.
Exchange rates still have a role to play to contain capital outflow pressures and support the recovery over the medium term, but sustaining the domestic economy in the short term requires a decisive use of other policy levers, such as fiscal and monetary stimuli, including through unconventional tools.
AUTHORS:
Gustavo Adler
Gita Gopinath
Carolina Osorio Buitron
Compliments of the IMF.